Sprawling Cities

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Sprawling Cities

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SPRAWLING CITIES

Sprawling cities, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area. Residents of sprawling neighborhoods tend to live in single-family homes and commute by automobile to work. Low population density is an indicator of sprawl.

The term urban sprawl generally has negative connotations due to the health and environmental issues that sprawl creates. Residents of sprawling neighborhoods tend to emit more pollution per person and suffer more traffic fatalities.

Sprawl is also linked with increased obesity since walking and bicycling are not viable commuting options. Sprawl negatively impacts land and water quantity and quality, and may be linked to a decline in social capital.

Single-use zoning this refers to a situation where commercial, residential, and industrial areas are separated from one another. so all these activities generally require an automobile.

What is the low density land use. The exact definition of "low density" is arguable, but a common example is that of single family homes, as opposed to apartments. Buildings usually have fewer stories and are spaced farther apart, separated by lawns, landscaping, roads or parking lots. Lot sizes are larger, and because more automobiles are used much more land is designated for parking. The impact of low density development in many communities is that developed or "urbanized" land is increasing at a faster rate than the population.

Areas of sprawling cities are also characterized as highly dependent on automobiles for transportation, a condition known as automobile dependency. Most activities, such as shopping and commuting to work, require the use of a car as a result of both the area's isolation from the city and the isolation the area's residential zones have from its industrial and commercial zones.
Sprawling cities are associated with a number of negative environmental and public health outcomes, with the primary result being increased dependence on automobiles.

However, this is mitigated significantly with nearby development of shopping and recreation areas. Also, many people prefer to live close to their place of business which is increasingly centered less around urban areas.

On the other hand air in modern suburbs is not necessarily cleaner than air in urban neighborhoods. In fact, the most polluted air is on crowded highways, where people in suburbs tend to spend more time. On average, suburban residents generate more pollution and carbon emissions than their urban counterparts because of their increased driving. However the sprawling cities create increases automobiles traffic throughout the city as well as automobile crashes, pedestrian injuries, and air pollution. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for Americans between the ages of five and twenty-four and is the leading accident-related cause for all age groups. Residents of more sprawling areas are at greater risk of dying in a car crash.

www.forbes.com/2003/08/29/cx_da_0829topnews.html

http://www.sprawlcity.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl

vocabulary

WORDS
SENTENCES
1.
acid rain
Acid rain is mostly caused by human emission.
2.
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide exists in Earth's atmosphere
3.
chemicals
chemical substances exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.
4.
climate change
Climate change reflects abnormal variations
5.
conservation
The conservations of the endangered species is very important for the world.
6.
contaminant
The aerosol is a contaminant for the ozone layer
7.
contamination
The contamination is create by the people
8.
deforestation
Deforestation is the logging of trees in forested areas
9.
drought
A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply.
10.
eco−friendly
Eco friendly goods and services often are marked with eco – labels.
11.
ecological
Ecological is often taken in the sense of environmentally friendly.
12.
ecologist
The term ecology was coined by the German ecologist Einst Haecked in 1886.
13.
ecosystem
The ter, ecosystem was coined by Roy Clapton.
14.
effluent
Effluent is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water.
15.
endangered species
An endangered species is an animal species which is near extinction.
16.
environment
The environment es damage by people.
17.
environmental
I think that we must have an environmental educacion.
18.
environmentalist
The environmentalist is a person who protects the environment.
19.
environmentally friendly

20.
extinction
Extinction is the death of every members of a species or group.
21.
global warming
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth´s.
22.
greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect refers to the change in the steady state temperatura of a planet or moon.
23.
noise pollution
Noise pollution is displeasing human or machina – created sound that disropts the activity or balance of human or animal life.
24.
nuclear radiation
The nuclear radiation effects were first observed in the use of X-rays
25.
organic
Cellular components and decomposing organic matter
26.
ozone
Ozone or trioxygen (O3) is a triatomic molecule.
27.
ozone layer
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone
28.
ozone−friendly
The ozone friendly is damage by the aerosol.
29.
pollution
Pollution is create by the people.
30.
radioactive substance
The radioactive substance are a problem for the Earth´s.

31.
radioactive waste
Radioactive wastes are waste types containing radioactive chemical elements
32.
radioactivity
Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus
33.
recyclable
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, etc.
34.
recycled
Recycled of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material.
35.
recycling
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products.
36.
reforestation
Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests.
37.
sewage
Sewage were dumped into waterways every year.
38.
sewage farm (GB)
Sewage farm is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater.
39.
sewage plant (US)

40.
sewage works (GB)

41.
smog
Smog is a kind of air pollution.
42.
solar energy
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun.
43.
sulfur dioxide (US)
Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SO2.
44.
sulphur dioxide (GB)

45.
to become extinct

46.
to conserve

47.
to contaminate

48.
to die out

49.
to poison

50.
to pollute

51.
to recycle

52.
toxic waste

53.
waste disposal

54.
waste disposal (GB)

55.
wind power